Dog Cough Causes: 9 Common Reasons & When To Seek Care

Why Is My Dog Coughing?

A coughing dog can be concerning for any pet parent. Coughing in dogs, much like in humans, is a reflexive action that helps clear the airways of irritants, foreign particles, or excess mucus. However, persistent or severe coughing may indicate an underlying health issue that requires attention. Understanding the potential causes, recognizing symptoms, and knowing when to seek veterinary care are crucial aspects of managing your dog’s respiratory health.

Coughing itself is not a disease but rather a symptom of various conditions ranging from minor irritations to serious health problems. By identifying the type of cough, accompanying symptoms, and potential risk factors, you can better communicate with your veterinarian to ensure your furry friend receives appropriate care.

Common Causes of Dog Coughing

Dogs cough for numerous reasons, and identifying the underlying cause is essential for proper treatment. Here are the most common causes of coughing in dogs:

Infectious Causes

Various pathogens can trigger coughing in dogs, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. These infectious agents can affect different parts of the respiratory system, from the upper respiratory tract to the lung tissue.

Kennel Cough (Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex)

Kennel cough is perhaps the most common infectious cause of coughing in dogs. It’s highly contagious and can be caused by multiple agents working individually or in combination, including the Bordetella bronchiseptica bacteria and various viruses. Dogs with kennel cough typically develop a characteristic deep, dry, hacking cough that may sound like they have something stuck in their throat.

This condition often develops after exposure to other dogs in confined spaces such as boarding facilities, dog parks, grooming salons, or training classes. Most cases of kennel cough resolve within one to three weeks, but some may progress to more serious infections.

Canine Influenza

Canine influenza virus is becoming increasingly prevalent across the United States. This highly contagious respiratory infection causes symptoms similar to human flu, including coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, fever, lethargy, and reduced appetite. There are two main strains of canine influenza (H3N8 and H3N2), and vaccines are available for both.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs that can be caused by various infectious agents. Bacterial pneumonia is most common, but viral, fungal, and aspiration pneumonia (from inhaling food, liquid, or vomit) can also occur. Dogs with pneumonia typically have a wet, productive cough, difficulty breathing, fever, nasal discharge, and lethargy.

Parasitic Infections

Several parasites can cause coughing in dogs:

• Lungworms: These parasites infect the pulmonary artery and right ventricle of the heart. Dogs typically become infected by consuming prey (like snails or slugs) carrying the worm larvae. Once inside the dog’s body, the larvae migrate through the intestines into the bloodstream and eventually reach the lungs, causing coughing and other respiratory symptoms.
• Heartworms: Although more commonly associated with heart disease, heartworm infection can also cause coughing, particularly as the disease progresses and affects lung function.

Non-Infectious Causes

Heart Disease

Coughing can be a significant sign of heart disease in dogs, particularly conditions that affect the left side of the heart. As the heart enlarges or fails to function properly, fluid can back up into the lungs, causing pulmonary edema and resulting in a cough. Dogs with heart-related coughing may show additional symptoms such as:

• Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing
• Exercise intolerance
• Weakness or fatigue
• Bluish discoloration of the tongue (in severe cases)
• Reduced appetite
• Coughing that worsens at night or during physical activity

Tracheal Collapse

Tracheal collapse is a progressive condition where the cartilage rings that support the trachea (windpipe) weaken and flatten, causing the airway to collapse partially, especially during breathing. This condition is more common in small breed dogs, particularly Yorkshire Terriers, Pomeranians, Poodles, and Chihuahuas.

The classic sign of tracheal collapse is a harsh, dry cough often described as a “goose honk.” The cough typically worsens with excitement, exercise, drinking, eating, or when pressure is applied to the neck (such as from a collar). Environmental factors like humidity, allergens, and smoke can exacerbate symptoms.

Chronic Bronchitis

Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation of the airways that persists for two months or longer. Dogs with this condition have a chronic, dry, hacking cough that may worsen with exercise or excitement. Unlike infectious causes, chronic bronchitis is not contagious but may be triggered by allergens, irritants, or underlying diseases.

Allergies and Environmental Irritants

Dogs can develop allergic reactions to various substances in their environment, including:

• Pollen, grass, and trees
• Dust mites
• Mold spores
• Cigarette smoke
• Perfumes and cleaning products
• Air fresheners

Allergic reactions can cause inflammation of the respiratory tract, leading to coughing, especially after exposure to the allergen.

Foreign Objects

Dogs are naturally curious and may inhale or swallow foreign objects that can become lodged in their throat or airways, causing irritation and coughing. Common items include grass awns, small toys, bones, or food particles. Foreign body obstruction often causes sudden, violent coughing episodes and may be accompanied by gagging, retching, or difficulty breathing.

When to Be Concerned About Your Dog’s Cough

While occasional coughing may not be cause for alarm, certain situations warrant immediate veterinary attention:

• Difficulty breathing or respiratory distress
• Coughing up blood
• Severe, persistent, or worsening cough
• Coughing accompanied by lethargy, loss of appetite, or fever
• Blue or purple discoloration of the gums or tongue
• Collapse or fainting associated with coughing

Even if your dog’s cough seems mild, it’s advisable to consult with a veterinarian if it persists for more than a few days, as early intervention can prevent progression to more serious conditions.

Diagnosing the Cause of Your Dog’s Cough

When you take your coughing dog to the veterinarian, they will likely perform a comprehensive evaluation to determine the underlying cause. The diagnostic process may include:

Physical Examination

The veterinarian will listen to your dog’s heart and lungs with a stethoscope, check vital signs, examine the throat and neck, and assess overall body condition.

Medical History

Be prepared to provide information about when the coughing started, any potential exposure to sick dogs, vaccination status, travel history, and other symptoms you’ve observed.

Laboratory Tests

Blood tests, urinalysis, and fecal examinations can help identify infections, assess organ function, and detect certain parasites.

Imaging

Chest X-rays are commonly used to evaluate the heart, lungs, and airways. In some cases, more advanced imaging like ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI may be recommended.

Specialized Tests

Depending on the suspected cause, your veterinarian might recommend additional tests such as:

• Bronchoscopy (examination of the airways using a small camera)
• Tracheal wash or bronchoalveolar lavage (collection of samples from the airways for analysis)
• Heartworm testing
• Echocardiogram (heart ultrasound)
• Allergy testing

Treatment Options for Dog Coughing

Treatment for a coughing dog depends entirely on the underlying cause. Here are common treatment approaches for various conditions:

Treatment for Infectious Causes

Kennel Cough and Respiratory Infections

Most cases of kennel cough resolve on their own within a few weeks with supportive care. However, treatment may include:

• Antibiotics: If a bacterial infection is confirmed or suspected, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat or prevent secondary bacterial infections.
• Cough suppressants: Medications to reduce the frequency and severity of coughing may be prescribed, particularly if the cough is interfering with sleep or causing significant discomfort.
• Rest: Limiting exercise and excitement can help reduce coughing episodes and promote healing.
• Humidifiers: Increasing environmental humidity can help soothe irritated airways.

Parasitic Infections

Treatment for parasitic infections typically involves:

• Antiparasitic medications: Specific dewormers or antiparasitic drugs targeted at the particular parasite.
• Supportive care: Including medications to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms.
• Follow-up testing: To ensure the infection has been cleared.

Treatment for Non-Infectious Causes

Heart Disease

Management of heart disease may include:

• Medications: Diuretics to reduce fluid buildup, ACE inhibitors to dilate blood vessels, inotropes to strengthen heart contractions, and other cardiac medications.
• Dietary changes: Low-sodium diets are often recommended for dogs with heart disease.
• Activity modification: Appropriate exercise restrictions to avoid overexertion.
• Regular monitoring: Including follow-up examinations, chest X-rays, and echocardiograms.

Tracheal Collapse

Treatment approaches for tracheal collapse include:

• Weight management: Maintaining a healthy weight reduces strain on the respiratory system.
• Harness instead of collar: Using a harness prevents pressure on the trachea.
• Medications: Cough suppressants, bronchodilators, anti-inflammatories, and sedatives may be prescribed.
• Surgical options: In severe cases, placement of internal stents or external rings to support the trachea may be considered.

Chronic Bronchitis

Management typically involves:

• Anti-inflammatory medications: Corticosteroids to reduce airway inflammation.
• Bronchodilators: To open airways and improve breathing.
• Environmental modifications: Reducing exposure to irritants like smoke, dust, and strong scents.
• Nebulization therapy: In some cases, inhaled medications delivered via nebulizer may be beneficial.

Allergies

Treatment for allergic reactions includes:

• Identifying and avoiding triggers: Minimizing exposure to known allergens.
• Antihistamines: To reduce allergic responses.
• Corticosteroids: For more severe allergic reactions.
• Immunotherapy: Allergy shots to desensitize the immune system in some cases.

Foreign Objects

Removal of the foreign object is the primary treatment, which may require:

• Endoscopy: Using a flexible camera to locate and retrieve the object.
• Surgery: In cases where endoscopic removal is not possible.
• Post-removal care: Antibiotics and anti-inflammatories to address any resulting infection or inflammation.

Prevention Strategies

Preventing coughing in dogs involves a multifaceted approach tailored to address common causes:

Vaccinations

Keep your dog up-to-date on vaccinations, including those that protect against respiratory diseases such as:

• Bordetella (kennel cough)
• Canine influenza
• Parainfluenza
• Distemper

Parasite Prevention

Regular administration of heartworm and parasite preventatives as recommended by your veterinarian can protect against parasitic infections that cause coughing.

Environmental Management

Reduce exposure to potential irritants and allergens:

• Maintain a smoke-free home
• Use air purifiers to reduce airborne allergens
• Avoid strong cleaning products, perfumes, and air fresheners
• Regular dusting and vacuuming to reduce dust mites

Social Distancing During Outbreaks

During known outbreaks of respiratory diseases, consider limiting your dog’s exposure to other dogs in high-risk environments like kennels, dog parks, and grooming facilities.

Regular Veterinary Care

Annual wellness examinations can help detect early signs of heart disease, respiratory issues, or other conditions that may lead to coughing.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: How can I tell if my dog’s cough is serious?

A: While occasional, mild coughing may not be concerning, you should contact your veterinarian if your dog’s cough is persistent, severe, or accompanied by other symptoms like difficulty breathing, lethargy, loss of appetite, or blue-tinged gums. A cough that worsens at night, during exercise, or is accompanied by gagging or retching also warrants veterinary attention.

Q: Can I give my dog over-the-counter cough medicine?

A: No, you should never give your dog human cough medicines without veterinary guidance. Many human medications contain ingredients that are toxic to dogs or may interact poorly with other conditions your dog might have. Always consult your veterinarian for appropriate medications.

Q: How long does kennel cough typically last?

A: Most cases of kennel cough resolve within one to three weeks. However, young puppies, senior dogs, and those with compromised immune systems may experience longer recovery periods or develop complications that require additional treatment.

Q: Can I prevent my dog from getting kennel cough?

A: While no vaccine is 100% effective, the Bordetella vaccine can help prevent kennel cough or reduce its severity. Regular vaccinations, avoiding contact with sick dogs, and ensuring good ventilation in areas where dogs congregate can also reduce the risk of infection.

Q: Why does my dog cough more at night?

A: Nighttime coughing can be associated with several conditions, including heart disease, tracheal collapse, or fluid accumulation in the lungs. When dogs lie down, fluid or pressure changes can exacerbate these conditions. If your dog coughs more at night, it’s important to have them evaluated by a veterinarian.

Remember that early intervention for a coughing dog often leads to better outcomes. By working closely with your veterinarian, you can help ensure your canine companion receives appropriate treatment and returns to health as quickly as possible.

Author

Anjali Sayee

 

Anjali is an Associate Editor at StyleCraze with 7 years of experience specializing in hairstyles, hair care, and skin care. She has authored over 300 articles and offers expert advice on hair styling techniques, effective skin care routines, and tips for maintaining healthy hair and skin.

Read full bio of Anjali Sayee