What Causes Blackheads and Whiteheads? Top 10 Reasons Explained in Detail
Managing oil production and dead skin buildup can go a long way toward clearer skin.
Blackheads and whiteheads are two of the most common skin issues affecting individuals of all ages. These non-inflammatory blemishes are categorized under comedonal acne and result from the blockage of hair follicles. Understanding their causes is crucial for effective prevention and treatment. This article explores the top 10 causes of blackheads and whiteheads, supported by medical insight and practical strategies to maintain clearer, healthier skin.
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- What Are Blackheads and Whiteheads?
- How Do Blackheads and Whiteheads Form?
- Top 10 Causes of Blackheads and Whiteheads
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Tips for Prevention
- Summary
Introduction
Blackheads and whiteheads are types of comedones—small bumps commonly found on the face, neck, chest, and back. While they may differ in appearance, the underlying causes are usually the same: blocked hair follicles filled with excess oil (sebum), dead skin cells, and sometimes bacteria. By recognizing and addressing these causes, you can take steps toward managing and minimizing breakouts.
What Are Blackheads and Whiteheads?
| Comedone Type | Appearance | Cause |
|---|---|---|
| Blackhead (Open Comedone) | Small dark spots, often on nose and chin | Plugged follicle exposed to air, causing oxidation |
| Whitehead (Closed Comedone) | Small flesh-colored or white bumps under the skin | Plug trapped beneath the surface, not exposed to air |
Despite their differences in color and exposure to air, both are formed due to clogged pores. Blackheads’ dark surface is a result of oxidation, not dirt. Whiteheads remain closed, appearing white or flesh-toned due to their coverage by the skin surface.
How Do Blackheads and Whiteheads Form?
Both blackheads and whiteheads develop through a similar process. Here’s a breakdown:
- Each hair follicle contains a single hair and an oil gland (sebaceous gland).
- The gland produces sebum, which lubricates the skin and hair.
- When dead skin cells, sebum, and sometimes bacteria accumulate, they can plug the follicle.
- If the follicle is exposed to air, oxidation causes the plug to turn black (blackhead). If the plug remains under the skin, it’s called a whitehead.
This underlying biological pathway is influenced by several distinct factors, which we explore below.
Top 10 Causes of Blackheads and Whiteheads
1. Excess Sebum Production
Overactive sebaceous glands produce more oil than the skin needs, which mixes with dead skin cells and increases the risk of clogged pores. This excess oil is often the result of hormonal changes, genetic predisposition, or specific environmental factors.
Key insight: Sebum production tends to peak in adolescence but can persist into adulthood.2. Hormonal Fluctuations
Changes in hormones—especially increased testosterone levels—stimulate enlarged sebaceous glands and higher oil output. Hormonal surges are most common during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and sometimes due to hormonal disorders like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Key insight: This is why acne often begins in adolescence and can fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle in females.Your diet can play a significant role in how your skin behaves. Learn more about what foods to avoid to minimize breakouts in our dietary guide for blackheads and whiteheads, which reveals the link between food choices and skin health.3. Abnormal Keratinization
Abnormal desquamation, or shedding of skin cells, can result in excess keratin and dead skin being retained inside hair follicles. This leads to the formation of a plug, which may become a blackhead or whitehead when mixed with sebum.
4. Pore-Clogging Cosmetics and Skincare Products
Certain products—particularly those labeled as non-comedogenic or with oil-heavy formulations—can occlude pores. Greasy sunscreens and thick moisturizers are often implicated in clogging follicles.
Tip: Always check for “non-comedogenic” on product labels to reduce risk.5. Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) Bacteria
This bacteria, naturally present on the skin, can proliferate and contribute to the formation of acne when trapped in a plugged follicle. While more associated with inflammatory acne, its presence can trigger immune responses, potentially worsening whiteheads.
6. Genetics
Family history plays a strong role; if your parents or siblings were prone to blackheads and whiteheads, you may have a higher risk.
Key insight: Genetics influence both skin type (such as oily vs. dry) and how actively your sebaceous glands function.7. Environmental Factors: Sweat, Humidity, and Pollution
Heavy sweating can block pores, while pollution particles can mix with oils and dead skin, increasing the risk of comedones. High humidity also promotes sebum production, leading to greater congestion.
8. Frequent Touching or Rubbing of the Skin
Touching the face, using tight headgear, or resting on your hand can transfer dirt, oils, and bacteria to the skin, as well as exert mechanical pressure that may occlude follicles.
9. Medications and Hormonal Treatments
Certain drugs—such as steroids, testosterone, estrogen, phenytoin, and some birth controls—can alter the skin’s oil production or influence follicular function. Medication-induced hormonal changes may stimulate acne formation.
10. Diet and Lifestyle Factors
While traditional wisdom associated chocolate and greasy foods with acne, research suggests that foods high in refined sugars or dairy might influence acne risk for some people. However, this link is still debated and may not apply universally.
Tip: Adopting a balanced diet and tracking breakouts in relation to foods can help identify personal triggers.
Frequently Asked Questions
What’s the difference between a blackhead and a whitehead?
Blackheads are open comedones with a dark surface due to oxidation. Whiteheads are closed comedones trapped beneath the skin and appear white or flesh-colored.
Are blackheads caused by poor hygiene?
No, blackheads are caused by blocked hair follicles, not dirt. Overwashing can actually irritate the skin and increase oil production.
Do foods like chocolate and fried foods cause blackheads?
There is little direct evidence linking these foods to blackhead formation. Diets high in refined sugars and dairy might influence acne in some individuals, but results are inconsistent.
Can makeup make blackheads and whiteheads worse?
Yes, especially if the products are not labeled “non-comedogenic.” Heavy, oily makeup or skin products can clog pores.
How can I prevent blackheads and whiteheads?
Maintain a gentle skincare routine, use non-comedogenic products, avoid excessive touching, and manage hormonal or dietary factors if relevant.
Tips for Prevention and Care
- Cleanse gently twice daily with a mild, non-comedogenic cleanser.
- Exfoliate regularly to remove dead skin cell buildup, but avoid over-exfoliating.
- Use oil-free and non-comedogenic cosmetics and sunscreens.
- Avoid touching your face unnecessarily.
- Change pillowcases and towels regularly.
- Consider using salicylic acid or retinoids for persistent comedones (after consulting a dermatologist).
- Manage stress, as it can indirectly affect hormonal balance and skin condition.
- Identify and avoid your individual triggers—such as sweat or specific dietary factors.
If over-the-counter solutions are ineffective, consult a dermatologist for personalized treatment, especially when acne is persistent or severe.
Summary
Blackheads and whiteheads, while frustrating, can be effectively managed by understanding the factors that cause them. The key contributors include excess oil production, hormonal imbalances, faulty skin turnover, pore-clogging products, bacteria, genetics, environmental influences, skin contact habits, medications, and (potentially) diet. Adopting a tailored skincare regimen and addressing modifiable risk factors are vital steps toward clear, healthy skin.
References
- https://wellconnected.murad.com/whiteheads-vs-blackheads/
- https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acne/causes/
- https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/acne
- https://www.cerave.com/skin-smarts/skin-concerns/acne/whiteheads-vs-blackheads
- https://www.epiphanydermatology.com/medical-dermatology/whiteheads-vs-blackheads/
- https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22039-whiteheads
- https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22038-blackheads
- https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/blackheads-vs-whiteheads
- https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/treating-acne-at-home
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